{"version":1,"asset_type":"statistical_series","data_type":"time_series","slug":"pk-rd-expenditure-gdp","url":"https://apiardata.com/statistics/pk-rd-expenditure-gdp","html_url":"https://apiardata.com/statistics/pk-rd-expenditure-gdp/","title":"Pakistan Research & Development Expenditure (% of GDP) (2023)","description":"Pakistan's Research & Development Expenditure (% of GDP): 0.2 % of GDP in 2023, unchanged vs 2021. World Bank (GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS), 1997–2023.","domain":"macro","category":"Economy & Macro","keywords":["Economy & Macro","World Bank","Pakistan","2023"],"publisher":"World Bank","frequency":"Annual","geography":"Pakistan","temporal_coverage":"1997/2023","unit":"% of GDP","last_updated":"2026-07-26","last_updated_text":"26 July 2026","data_as_of":"2023","variable_measured":"Pakistan Research & Development Expenditure (% of GDP)","license":"https://apiardata.com/data-license","is_accessible_for_free":true,"sources":[{"name":"World Bank","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?locations=PK"}],"meta":[{"label":"Frequency","value":"Annual"},{"label":"Coverage","value":"1997–2023"},{"label":"Observations","value":"16"},{"label":"Geography","value":"Pakistan"},{"label":"Last updated","value":"26 July 2026"}],"kpis":[{"label":"Pakistan (2023)","value":"0.2","unit":"% of GDP","trend":{"direction":"neutral","value":"unchanged vs 2021"}},{"label":"Change vs. prior observation","value":"unchanged","unit":"percentage points"},{"label":"Trend","value":"neutral","unit":""},{"label":"Series length","value":"16","unit":"years of data"}],"series":[{"key":"value","label":"Pakistan Research & Development Expenditure (% of GDP)"}],"observation_count":16,"observations":[{"period":"1997","value":0.15565},{"period":"1998","value":0.10919},{"period":"1999","value":0.1159},{"period":"2000","value":0.09536},{"period":"2001","value":0.12408},{"period":"2002","value":0.16228},{"period":"2005","value":0.32946},{"period":"2007","value":0.52343},{"period":"2009","value":0.40218},{"period":"2011","value":0.30491},{"period":"2013","value":0.26179},{"period":"2015","value":0.22193},{"period":"2017","value":0.21214},{"period":"2019","value":0.17475},{"period":"2021","value":0.16431},{"period":"2023","value":0.16399}],"table":{"columns":[{"key":"year","label":"Year"},{"key":"value","label":"% of GDP"},{"key":"yoyChange","label":"Change"}],"rows":[{"year":"2023","value":"0.2","yoyChange":"unchanged"},{"year":"2021","value":"0.2","yoyChange":"unchanged"},{"year":"2019","value":"0.2","yoyChange":"unchanged"},{"year":"2017","value":"0.2","yoyChange":"unchanged"},{"year":"2015","value":"0.2","yoyChange":"-0.1pp"},{"year":"2013","value":"0.3","yoyChange":"unchanged"},{"year":"2011","value":"0.3","yoyChange":"-0.1pp"},{"year":"2009","value":"0.4","yoyChange":"-0.1pp"},{"year":"2007","value":"0.5","yoyChange":"+0.2pp"},{"year":"2005","value":"0.3","yoyChange":"+0.1pp"},{"year":"2002","value":"0.2","yoyChange":"+0.1pp"},{"year":"2001","value":"0.1","yoyChange":"unchanged"},{"year":"2000","value":"0.1","yoyChange":"unchanged"},{"year":"1999","value":"0.1","yoyChange":"unchanged"},{"year":"1998","value":"0.1","yoyChange":"-0.1pp"},{"year":"1997","value":"0.2","yoyChange":"n/a"}]},"qa":[{"question":"What does this indicator measure?","answer":"This page tracks total R&D expenditure (public + private) as a share of GDP in Pakistan from 1996 to present. R&D intensity is a leading indicator of innovation capability and future economic productivity. It is published by World Bank and updated annually."},{"question":"How current is this data?","answer":"The most recent observation covers 2023. World Bank typically publishes this series with a lag of several months after the reference period. The series runs 1997–2023 (16 observations)."},{"question":"What is the long-term trend?","answer":"The series peaked at 0.5 % of GDP in 2007 and reached its lowest recorded value of 0.1 in 2000. The latest reading of 0.2 in 2023 is unchanged on the previous period."}]}